There are a number of other safeguarding concerns that ALL staff need to be aware of. These are detailed further in Annex A of KCSIE. Any concerns about these should be passed on to the safeguarding team, in line with your school policy.
The unauthorised removal or retention of a minor from a parent or anyone with legal responsibility for the child.
CCE is where an individual or group takes advantage of an imbalance of power to coerce, control, manipulate or deceive a child into any criminal activity (a) in exchange for something the victim needs or wants, and/or (b) for the financial or other advantage of the perpetrator or facilitator and/or (c) through violence or the threat of violence. The victim may have been criminally exploited even if the activity appears consensual.
Indicators of CCE: children who appear with unexplained gifts or new possessions; associate with other young people involved in exploitation; suffer from changes in emotional well-being; misuse drugs and alcohol; go missing for periods of time or regularly come home late.
County lines is a term used to describe gangs and organised criminal networks involved in exporting illegal drugs (primarily crack cocaine and heroin) into one or more importing areas, using dedicated mobile phone lines or other form of "deal line". Exploitation is an integral part of the county lines offending model with children and vulnerable adults exploited to move and store drugs and money. Offenders use coercion, intimidation, violence (including sexual violence) and weapons to ensure compliance of victims. Children can be targeted and recruited into county lines in a number of locations including schools.
CSE occurs where an individual or group takes advantage of an imbalance of power to coerce, manipulate or deceive a child into sexual activity (a) in exchange for something the victim needs or wants, and/or (b) for the financial advantage or increased status of the perpetrator or facilitator. The victim may have been sexually exploited even if the sexual activity appears consensual. Indicators can be similar to the indicators of CCE, as well as: children who have older boyfriends or girlfriends; and children who suffer from sexually transmitted infections or become pregnant.
Criminal activity committed using computers and/or the internet, for example illegal hacking or making or supplying viruses.
Domestic abuse can encompass a wide range of behaviours and may be a single incident or a pattern of incidents. That abuse can be, but is not limited to, psychological, physical, sexual, financial or emotional. Domestic abuse includes any incident or pattern of incidents of controlling, coercive, threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between those aged 16 or over who are, or have been, intimate partners or family members. Children can be victims of domestic abuse. They may see, hear, or experience the effects of abuse at home and/or suffer domestic abuse in their own intimate relationships (teenage relationship abuse). All of which can have a detrimental and long-term impact on their health, well-being, development, and ability to learn.
FGM covers all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs. It is illegal in the UK and a form of child abuse with long-lasting harmful consequences.
Section 5B of the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 places a statutory duty upon teachers to report to the police where they discover that FGM appears to have been carried out on a girl under 18. It will be rare for teachers to see visual evidence, and they should not be examining pupils or students. If a victim discloses that FGM has been carried out on them, teachers must personally report to the police. The duty does not apply in relation to at-risk or suspected cases — these should be discussed with your safeguarding team.
Being homeless or being at risk of becoming homeless presents a real risk to a child's welfare. Indicators that a family may be at risk of homelessness include household debt, rent arrears, domestic abuse and anti-social behaviour, as well as the family being asked to leave a property. It should also be recognised that in some cases 16 and 17 year olds could be living independently from their parents or guardians, for example through their exclusion from the family home, and will require a different level of intervention and support.
So-called 'honour-based' abuse (HBA) encompasses incidents or crimes which have been committed to protect or defend the honour of the family and/or the community, including female genital mutilation (FGM), forced marriage, and practices such as breast ironing. Abuse committed in the context of preserving "honour" often involves a wider network of family or community pressure and can include multiple perpetrators. All forms of HBA are abuse (regardless of the motivation) and should be handled and escalated as such.
Forcing a person into a marriage is a crime in England and Wales. Schools and colleges can play an important role in safeguarding children from forced marriage.
Modern slavery encompasses human trafficking and slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labour. Exploitation can take many forms, including: sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery, servitude, forced criminality and the removal of organs.
Children are susceptible to extremist ideology and radicalisation. As with other safeguarding risks, staff should be alert to changes in children's behaviour, which could indicate that they may be in need of help or protection. All schools and colleges must adhere to the Prevent Duty and have "due regard to the need to prevent people from being drawn into terrorism". Schools can build pupils' resilience to radicalisation by providing a safe environment for debating controversial issues, promoting Fundamental British Values.